And we share about the same amount of our DNA with only chimps, but not bonobos. Thus our study supported the hypothesis that one function of prolonged maximal swelling in bonobos is to increase attractiveness to other females, thereby enhancing affiliative relationships between females in a male-philopatric social system. When the Max Planck scientists compared the bonobo genome directly with that of chimps and humans, however, they found that a small bit of our DNA, about 1.6, is shared with only the bonobo, but not chimpanzees. In particular, young females may get more benefits from prolonged maximal swelling through increased grooming reciprocity and staying in close proximity to other females. The researchers also found that bonobos share about 98.7 of their DNA with humansabout the same amount that chimps share with us. This can be used to illuminate the population history and selective events that affected the ancestor of bonobos and chimpanzees. The results also suggest that the benefits of maximal swelling might vary among females depending on their life-history stage. The bonobo genome shows that more than 3 of the human genome is more closely related to either bonobos or chimpanzees than these are to each other. These tendencies suggest that females with maximal swelling were attractive to other females. We found that free-ranging female bonobos with maximal sexual swelling engaged in affiliative social interactions with other females, including genito-genital rubbing, staying in close proximity and grooming, more frequently than females without maximal swelling. In this study we propose a new hypothesis that sexual swelling in female bonobos increases their attractiveness to other females and thereby facilitates affiliative social interaction with them. Bonobos ( Pan paniscus) provide an excellent opportunity for studying sexual swelling since they have the most prolonged maximal swelling periods among primates. Although several hypotheses have been proposed (e.g., reliable indicator hypothesis and graded signal hypothesis), it seems unlikely that a single explanation can account for the significance of the sexual swelling in all of these species. However, sexual swelling with exaggerated size and colour is found only in some Old World monkeys and the two Pan species. Perineal sexual skin swelling in relation to menstrual cycle occurs in a variety of primate taxa. The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes Kay Prüfer, K.
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